The graveyard is a player's discard pile, banish means to remove a card from the game, while vortex means any card with vortex in it's name
If another effect modifies how much damage your source would deal, including preventing some of it, the player being dealt damage or the controller of the permanent being dealt damage chooses an order in which to apply those effects
Many collectors swear by this method to maintain gem mint condition, as the sleeve will take any abrasion instead of the card
Other Abilities can only be used once per turn outright, even if you have multiple copies of the Pokmon in play
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If the opponent chooses not to respond, the player can add a second effect and create a chain off of the activation of their own card, at which point the opponent has again the option to respond